Civil Law in Pakistan
Civil law in Pakistan governs disputes between individuals or organizations, primarily related to property, contracts, family matters, and personal rights. It is codified under various laws, including the Civil Procedure Code, 1908, which outlines the procedural framework for civil litigation. Key legislations include the Contract Act, 1872, for contractual obligations, the Transfer of Property Act, 1882, for property rights, and the Family Laws Ordinance, 1961, for personal matters like marriage and inheritance.
Civil cases are typically adjudicated by Civil Courts at the district level, with appeals progressing to higher courts. Civil law aims to ensure justice, fairness, and the protection of individual rights, emphasizing compensation or remedies rather than punishment.
The governance of solid waste management is an integral facet of environmental jurisprudence, influencing public health, ecological balance, and sustainable development. In Punjab, Pakistan, a robust legal framework has been established to regulate the generation, segregation, treatment, and disposal of…
Air pollution constitutes a critical environmental and public health crisis in Punjab, Pakistan, necessitating a robust regulatory framework for mitigation and enforcement. The proliferation of industrial emissions, vehicular pollutants, and agricultural burning has precipitated a significant deterioration in air quality,…
Industries are legally obligated to comply with stringent environmental regulations governing wastewater management to mitigate pollution and uphold public health standards. In Pakistan, the primary statutory framework regulating this domain is the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) of 1997, referred…
Introduction Compliance with environmental regulations is a fundamental requirement for industrial project development, ensuring conformity with sustainability principles and legal obligations. In Pakistan, the governance of industrial environmental impact is framed within a complex statutory matrix that includes federal and…
In Punjab, Pakistan, environmental regulation operates under a robust legislative framework designed to mitigate ecological degradation and ensure sustainable development. The cornerstone of this legal structure is the Punjab Environmental Protection Act 1997 (PEPA 1997), which delineates strict punitive measures…
Introduction The legal discourse surrounding child custody disputes has evolved significantly, particularly concerning the custodial rights of fathers. In Pakistan, the governing statute is the Guardian and Wards Act, 1890 (گارڈین اور وارڈز ایکٹ, 1890), which delineates the principles under…
Environmental degradation constitutes a profound threat to public health, biodiversity, and sustainable development. The adverse ramifications of pollution—whether atmospheric, aquatic, terrestrial, or auditory—necessitate robust legal interventions and regulatory oversight. In Pakistan, comprehensive statutory frameworks and judicial mechanisms exist to combat…
Introduction The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Punjab functions as the preeminent regulatory institution mandated with the enforcement of environmental governance within the province. Constituted under the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (PEPA 1997), the EPA Punjab is vested with extensive…
Introduction The Punjab Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (“PEPA 1997”) serves as the primary legislative instrument governing environmental regulation in Punjab, Pakistan. It provides a comprehensive legal framework aimed at pollution control, conservation of natural resources, and the promotion of sustainable…
Converting religion within a marriage represents a highly intricate and sensitive issue, particularly in Pakistan, where personal laws are profoundly interwoven with religious doctrines. This interdependence originates from Pakistan’s unique legal framework, which draws heavily from Islamic jurisprudence, or Shariah.…